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- Based on the British Association of Spinal Surgery: [SIR]
- CES - Suspected [Flaccid without sphincter dysfunction]
- Defined as suspected CES with INTACT sphincter function
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- NPU for > 6 hours. Loss of desire to void, poor stream, strain to micturate, sensation of full bladder
- CES - Retention [+ painless retention of urine and overflow incontinence]
- Characterised by painless urinary retention and overflow incontinence
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- Saddle anaesthesia
- bowel and/or bladder dysfunction,
- and lower extremity weakness.
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- It is believed that intervention when in CES-I stage have better prognosis. Try to decompress before progression into CES-R
- However, It may be more appropriate to consider CES as the progression of a continuous process with the end result possible dysfunction of bowel and bladder function. In addition prolonged compression can be associated with further neurologic loss even after CESR
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5895895/#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20patients%20underwent,in%20presentation%2Fduration%20of%20symptoms.
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- The earlier the decompression the better.
- Try to avoid getting into CES-R stage
- Due to late presentation, patients usually get operation after 24 hours, so try to do before 48 hours
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5895895/#:~:text=The%20majority%20of%20patients%20underwent,in%20presentation%2Fduration%20of%20symptoms.